The IPC-7711/21 guide provides procedures for rework, repair and modification of printed board assemblies, including tools and materials, common procedures, coating removal and graphics to assist the user.
Products
IPC/WHMA-A-620 is the only industry-consensus standard for Requirements and Acceptance of Cable and Wire Harness Assemblies. IPC/WHMA-A-620F describes materials, methods, tests and acceptance criteria for producing crimped, mechanically secured and soldered interconnections and the related assembly activities associated with cable and harness assemblies.
The IPC-7095D-AM1 standard describes design and assembly implementation for ball grid array (BGA) and fine-pitch BGA (FBGA) technology, focusing on inspection, repair and reliability issues associated with design and assembly of printed boards using these packages. IPC-7095D-AM1 provides the useful and practical information to those who use or are considering using BGAs. IPC-7095D-AM1 provides...
IPC-2231A provides guidelines for establishing a best practice methodology for use in developing a formal DFX (Design for Manufacturing, Fabrication, Assembly, Testability, Cost, Reliability, Environment, Reuse) process for layout of printed boards.
The IPC-7093B guideline provides essential design and assembly guidance for implementing bottom termination components (BTCs). Specifically, IPC-7093B provides guidelines on critical design, materials, assembly, inspection, repair, quality, and reliability issues associated with BTCs.
This document provides useful and practical information for developing thermal profiles to produce acceptable SnPb and Pb-free electronics assemblies using reflow, vapor phase, laser, selective and wave soldering equipment. The document also includes a troubleshooting guide for addressing common defects which can be attributed to profiling.
This standard establishes the requirements for timely customer notification of changes to electronic products and associated processes.
This standard is applicable to suppliers of, and affected customers for, electronic products and their constituent components. The goal of this notification standard is to better enable customers to manage and mitigate the disruption caused by the discontinuation of a product and to ensure continuity of supply. This standard establishes the requirements for timely customer notification of planned...
This document describes the design and assembly challenges and ways to address those challenges for implementing 3D component technology. Recognizing the effects of combining multiple uncased semiconductor die elements in a single-package format can impact individual component characteristics and can dictate suitable assembly methodology. The information contained in this standard focuses on...
IPC-7094A describes the design and assembly challenges for implementing flip chip technology in a direct chip attach (DCA) assembly. The effect of bare-die or die-size components in a flip chip format has an impact on component characteristics and dictates the appropriate assembly methodology. The IPC-7094A standard focuses on design, assembly methodology, critical inspection, repair and...
Amendment 1 to IPC-7711/21C, the document provides procedures for removal and installation of D-Pak components
The IPC-A-610HC Telecom Addendum to IPC-A-610H Acceptability of Electronic Assemblies provides specific requirements for telecommunications products when it is specifically required by procurement documentation. Information in this document either supplements or replaces specifically identified requirements of IPC-A-610 Revision H by providing additional requirements to ensure that electrical and...
IPC-T-50N document is designed to provide definitions for terms commonly used in the electronics industry. The definitions are intended to provide sufficient clarity of detail such that a reader utilizing English as a second language could understand the subtleties of the meaning. IPC-T-50N contains over 550 new or revised terms, including new terminology for via structures, surface mount device...
IPC/WHMA-A-620E-S space addendum provides additional requirements to IPC/WHMA-A-620E standard to ensure the reliability of cable and wire harness assemblies that must survive the vibration and thermal excursions encountered getting to and operating in the military and space environments. IPC/WHMA-A-620E-S cannot be used as a standalone document. It must be used with the base standard IPC/WHMA-A...
IPC-A-610G-R rail transit addendum provides additional requirements to IPC-A-610G base standard, specifying a standardized set of acceptance criteria unique to electronic assemblies used in the rigorous micro-environment under high mechanical and environmental stresses associated with high railway equipment, to ensure industry-specific high reliability and environmental adaptability of electronic...
This essential industry standard provides descriptions and illustrations of electronic interconnect industry terminology to help users and their customers break down language barriers. Revision M contains over 220 new or revised terms, including new terminology for conformal coatings, potting and encapsulation processes, stencil design, statistical process control, and flexible printed board...
This essential industry standard provides descriptions and illustrations of electronic interconnect industry terminology to help users and their customers break down language barriers. Revision K contains more than 220 new or revised terms, including new terminology for thermal properties, etchback, assembly processing, hole drilling, and microvia technology. Also includes commonly used industry...
The IPC-HDBK-001H is a companion document to J-STD-001, Requirements for Soldered Electrical and Electronic Assemblies providing guidance and supporting information for the requirements found in the standard. IPC-HDBK-001H is structured to map paragraph-to-paragraph with the standard, it includes the "how-to" and "why" behind many of the criteria in an easy-to-use reference handbook.
This practical, easy-to-use guide illustrates surface mount solder connections included in the IPC-A-610 Acceptability of Electronic Assemblies standard. While not a replacement for the complete IPC-A-610H standard, this durable reference tool is a valuable instructional resource and job aid for accurate, on-the-job inspections across all three product classes. The guide features clear, color...
IPC-A-610H is the most widely used electronics assembly acceptance standard in the electronics industry. IPC-A-610H standard includes a general update to the document, introduces several new surface mount component types and removes target conditions. Participants from 29 countries provided their input and expertise to bring this document to the electronics industry. This is a must-have for...
IPC-A-610H to IPC-A-610J redline document shows the changes from IPC-A-610H to IPC-A-610J in a side-by-side comparison of the two documents. The IPC-A-610J redline is only available in electronic format, it is not available in hardcopy. As a comparison document it does not replace the standard.
IPC/WHMA-A-620C-R rail transit addendum provides additional requirements to IPC/WHMA-A-620C standard, describing materials, methods, tests, and acceptance criteria for producing crimped, mechanically secured, and soldered interconnections. It also provides the related assembly activities associated with cable and harness assemblies in rail transit industry, to ensure the high reliability and...
IPC-A-610H Redline document shows the changes from IPC-A-610G to IPC-A-610H in a side-by-side comparison of the two documents. The IPC-A-610H redline is only available in electronic format, it is not available in hardcopy
This essential industry standard provides descriptions and illustrations of electronics interconnect industry terminology to help users and their customers break down language barriers. Revision J contains nearly 400 new or revised terms, including new terminology for chip scale and area array packaging, cable and wire harness technology, assembly processing, moisture sensitive components, and...
This standard describes the methods of inspecting and cleaning all optical interfaces so that interconnectivity integrity of the optical signal is maintained. The information provided focuses on techniques and methods to accomplish maximum quality of the interface and describes methods of contamination prevention. The target audience for this standard are Manufacturing Operators, Manufacturing...
IPC/WHMA-A-620F-RL is a redline document showing the difference from IPC/WHMA-A-620E to IPC/WHMA-A-620F. IPC/WHMA-A-620F-RL provides a side-by-side comparison of the two documents and includes the figures and tables. The document shows deleted/changed/moved text in the IPC/WHMA-A-620E pages and new/revised/moved text in the IPC/WHMA-A-620F pages. This is a visual tool showing the changes as a...
This standard is the first of its kind for IPC; the first acceptability standard for electronic enclosures. It contains acceptability criteria that pertain to the "box build" of the assembly process. This standard has been written to direct manufacturers and end users of electronic enclosures of electrical and electronic equipment to understand the best practices to meet requirements, ensuring the...
IPC-A-610 is the most widely used electronics assembly acceptance document. Updated with participants from 17 countries providing input and expertise, this document brings the latest criteria along with many new and revised graphics to the industry. This is a must-have for inspectors, operators and others with an interest in the acceptance criteria for electronic assemblies. IPC-A-610 is developed...
IPC-A-610F with Amendment 1 incorporates the requirements of IPC-A-610F and IPC-A-610F Amendment 1 into one document. Criteria are presented in a seamless IPC-A-610 format, and there are no redline marks. This document is the equivalent to using IPC-A-610F and IPC-A-610F Amendment 1. IPC brings this version to industry to minimize confusion for those using both documents and those wishing to...
This document is designed to provide definitions for terms commonly used in the electronics industry. The definitions are intended to provide sufficient clarity of detail such that a reader utilizing English as a second language could understand the subtleties of the meaning. Revision P contains over 120 new or revised terms, including new terminology for back-drill structures, cable and wire...
IPC-9191 reflects the principals of statistical process control (SPC) represented by ISO/DIS 11462-1, Guidelines for Implementation of Statistical Process Control (SPC) -- Part 1: Elements of SPC. This document outlines the SPC philosophy, implementation strategies, tools, and techniques used for relating process control and capability to final product requirements. Supersedes IPC-PC-90.
IPC/WHMA-A-620E is the only industry-consensus standard for Requirements and Acceptance of Cable and Wire Harness Assemblies. IPC/WHMA-A-620E describes materials, methods, tests and acceptance criteria for producing crimped, mechanically secured and soldered interconnections and the related assembly activities associated with cable and harness assemblies. IPC/WHMA-A-620E was developed by IPC and...
Contains over 150 industry approved test techniques and procedures for chemical, mechanical, electrical, and environmental tests on all forms of printed boards and connectors. New and updated test methods are available for download at https://www.ipc.org/test-methods.
IPC/WHMA-A-620D is the only industry-consensus standard for Requirements and Acceptance of Cable and Wire Harness Assemblies. IPC/WHMA-A-620D describes materials, methods, tests and acceptance criteria for producing crimped, mechanically secured and soldered interconnections and the related assembly activities associated with cable and harness assemblies. IPC/WHMA-A-620D was developed by IPC and...
IPC-8401 standard provides guidelines for In-Mold Electronics (IME) manufacturing processes, part structures, candidate materials, and production test methods. In-Mold Electronics integrates printed electronics and electrical components into injection molded plastics, creating a three-dimensional smart molded structure. IME technology uses mass production processes, materials, and components. IME...
Tackling PCB cleanliness is a tough job; residues on printed circuit boards are directly related to the reliability of the produced hardware and can result in serious failures if not known or monitored. But how do you measure "cleanliness"? How clean is "clean"? The IPC-5701 provides guidance into how these issues should be approached and specified in purchasing documents, addressing levels of...
IPC-A-610F Amendment 1 is now available. See Related items. IPC-A-610 is the most widely used electronics assembly standard in the world. A must for all quality assurance and assembly departments, IPC-A-610F illustrates industry-accepted workmanship criteria for electronics assemblies through detailed statements reflecting acceptable and defect conditions, supported by full-color photographs and...
IPC-A-610 is the most widely used electronics assembly standard in the world. A must for all quality assurance and assembly departments, IPC-A-610E illustrates industry-accepted workmanship criteria for electronics assemblies through full-color photographs and illustrations. Topics include flex attachment, board in board, part on part, lead free, component orientation and soldering criteria for...
Download the free Amendment 1 (.pdf) that resolves conflict in measles criteria between J-STD-001D, IPC-A-610D, IPC-6012B and IPC-A-600G. Lead free acceptance criteria and pictures now included! Reformatted-easier to find acceptance criteria! IPC-A-610 Telecom Addendum Published August 2009. Download the Telecom Addendum. When specifically required by procurement documentation, this Addendum...
This document is a tool for a customer or supplier organization's internal audit group to assess a statistical process control (SPC) system against the requirements of IPC-9191. This document should be used by customers and suppliers of any size and for any commodity. This tool can be used to perform an assessment of the use of SPC at both organizational and process levels. The questions in this...
This redline provides a side-by-side comparison the changes from Revision C to Revision D of IPC-7711/21.
This is the only industry-consensus standard for Requirements and Acceptance of Cable and Wire Harness Assemblies, and it includes new sections for safety wiring, safety cable, grommets, and raceways along with updated information across many of the sections. With over 700 photographs and illustrations, this standard describes materials, methods, tests and acceptance criteria for producing crimped...
The IPC-7093A standard provides essential design and assembly guidance for implementing bottom termination components (BTCs). Specifically, IPC-7093A provides guidelines on critical design, materials, assembly, inspection, repair, quality, and reliability issues associated with BTCs.
This guide provides procedures for rework, repair and modification of printed board assemblies. Included in this revision are the procedures previously released as change pages, an updated general information and common procedures section, new procedures for BGAs using focused IR Reflow Systems with integral preheater and general updates to all other procedures.
Amendment 1 to IPC/WHMA-A-620B This amendment provides resolution to some internal conflicts, aligns common criteria to other IPC standards, and corrects some editorial errors. This amendment is only to be used in conjunction with IPC/WHMA-A-620 Revision B, October 2012. Follow your company policy and procedures to make pen and ink changes or notations to the published IPC/WHMA-A-620 Revision B...
IPC-T-50N-CN文件旨在为电子行业中常用的词汇和术语提供其定义。本文件所规定的定义充分详细地阐明了术语，以便以英语为第二语言的读者能够理解含义的细微之处。IPC-T-50N-CN包含550多个新的或修订的术语，包括通孔结构、表面贴装器件类型、焊料凸点、焊料合金、焊接、退润湿、电路板制造工艺和测试的新术语。
Implementing ball grid array (BGA) and fine-pitch ball grid array (FBGA) technology presents some unique challenges for design, assembly, inspection and repair personnel. IPC-7095C delivers useful and practical information to anyone currently using BGAs or FBGAs. Many issues have become especially important due to the change in the alloys of the ball, the ball shape, and the attachment procedures...
This standard provides useful and practical information for developing thermal profiles to produce acceptable SnPb and Pb-free electronics assemblies. This revision expands the focus of the original standard from reflow profiling to include profiling for vapor phase, laser, selective soldering and wave soldering. The revision also includes a full-color troubleshooting guide for addressing common...
Implementing Ball Grid Array (BGA) and Fine-Pitch Ball Grid Array (FBGA) technology presents some unique challenges for design, assembly, inspection and repair personnel. IPC-7095B delivers useful and practical information to anyone currently using BGAs or considering a conversion to area array packaging formats. This has become especially important due to the change in the alloys being used, both...
Das unentbehrliche Nachschlagewerk für alle Verantwortlichen entlang der Wertschöpfungskette von elektronischen Produkten. Die Revision K enthält auf mehr als 120 Seiten, mehr als 220 neue und überarbeitete Begriffe und bildliche Darstellungen. Beispiele: Access Hole, Accelerated Equivalent Soak, Capture Land, Micro Via Technology, Plating Thief, Etchback, Resin Recession, Tape Automated Bonding...
This guide includes everything needed for repair and rework of electronic assemblies and printed circuit boards. IPC-7711B/7721B Rework, Modification and Repair of Electronic Assemblies has received a complete procedure by procedure update to assure applicability to both lead free and traditional SnPb soldered assemblies. This single volume includes all previously published changes and several new...
Implementing Ball Grid Array (BGA) and Fine-Pitch Ball Grid Array (FBGA) technology presents some unique challenges for design, assembly, inspection and repair personnel. Revision A of this document delivers useful and practical information to anyone who is currently using BGAs or is considering a conversion to area array packaging formats. In addition to providing guidelines for BGA inspection...
IPC-A-610H es la norma de aceptación de ensambles electrónicos más utilizada en la industria electrónica. La norma IPC-A-610H incluye una actualización general del documento, introduce varios nuevos tipos de componentes de montaje en superficie y elimina las condiciones ideales. Participantes de 29 países proporcionaron su apoyo y conocimientos especializados para traer este documento a la...
IPC-A-610H er den mest udbredte godkendelsesstandard for elektronikprodukter i elektronikindustrien. IPC-A-610H standarden inkluderer en generel opdatering af dokumentet, introducere flere nye overflademonterede komponenttyper og fjerner ”Ønskelig” tilstand. Deltagere fra 29 lande leverede deres input og ekspertise til at bringe dette dokument til elektronikindustrien. Dette er en ”skal have”...
IPC-A-610H este cel mai folosit standard de acceptabilitate pentru asamblare electronice din industria electronică. Standardul IPC-A-610H include o actualizare generală a documentului, introduce mai multe tipuri noi de componente cu montare pe suprafață și elimină condițiile Obiectiv. Participanții din 29 de țări și-au adus contribuția și expertiza lor pentru a da acest document industriei...
IPC-A-610H je nejpoužívanější standard pro provádění přejímek elektronických sestav. Standard IPC-A-610H obsahuje obecnou aktualizaci dokumentu, představuje několik nových typů komponent pro povrchovou montáž, a odstraňuje cílové podmínky. Účastníci z 29 zemí poskytli své příspěvky a odborné znalosti, aby tento dokument přinesli elektronickému průmyslu.
Jde o nepostradatelnou příručku pro...
IPC-A-610H是电子行业广泛采用的电子组件验收标准。IPC-A-610H标准中包含了本文件的一般更新内容，介绍了一些新型表面贴装元器件，同时删除了目标条件。 本文件在电子行业成功问世离不开来自29个国家/地区的参与者，这些参与者在本文件编制期间投入了大量的精力并贡献了宝贵的专业知识。 该标准是检查人员、操作人员及其他与电子组件验收要求相关的人员必须掌握的技术标准。 与IPC-A-610一起制定的标准还有J-STD-001和IPC/WHMA-A-620。
IPC-A-610 is het meest gebruikte acceptatiedocument voor elektronica-assemblage. Bijgewerkt met deelnemers uit 17 landen die input en expertise leveren, brengt dit document de nieuwste criteria samen met veel nieuwe en herziene grafische afbeeldingen uit de industrie. Dit is een must-have voor inspecteurs, operators en anderen die geïnteresseerd zijn in de acceptatiecriteria voor elektronische...
IPC-A-610H는 전자 산업에서 가장 널리 사용되는 전자 어셈블리 허용 표준이다. IPC-A-610H 표준은 문서에 대한 일반 업데이트를 포함하며, 몇 가지 새로운 표면 실장 소자 유형을 도입하고 대상 조건을 제거한다. 29개국에서 온 참가자들은 이 문서를 전자 산업에 가져오기 위해 그들의 조언과 전문지식을 제공했다. 이는 전자 어셈블리의 허용 기준에 관심이 있는 검사자, 작업자 및 기타 사용자에게 반드시 필요한 사항이다. IPC-A-610은 J-STD-001 및 IPC/WHMA-A-620과 함께 개발되었다.
Az IPC-A-610 a világon legszélesebb körben használt elektronikai szerelvényekkel foglalkozó szabvány. Az IPC-A-610H szabvány jó néhány dokumentum általános frissítését tartalmazza, számos új felületszerelt alkatrésztípus követelményeivel kiegészült és megszüntetésre került a cél állapot kritérium. A szabvány 29 országból beérkező újabb észrevételek, szakvélemények alapján biztosítja az...
IPC-A-610 là tiêu chuẩn chấp nhận sản phẩm lắp ráp điện tử được sử dụng rộng rãi nhất trong ngành công nghiệp điện tử. Tiêu chuẩn IPC-A-610H bao gồm một cập nhận tổng quát, giới thiệu một số loại linh kiện SMT mới và loại bổ tình trạng mục tiêu. Những người tham gia từ 29 quốc gia cung cấp đầu vào và ý kiến chuyên môn để mang đến tài liệu này cho ngành công nghiệp điện tử. Đây là bộ tiêu chuẩn...
IPC-A-610H เป็นมาตรฐานการยอมรับการประกอบอุปกรณ์อิเล็กทรอนิกส์ที่ใช้กันอย่างแพร่หลายมากที่สุดในอุตสาหกรรมอิเล็กทรอนิกส์ มาตรฐาน IPC-A-610H มีการอัพเดตทั่วไปในเอกสาร, แนะนำตัวอุปกรณ์ที่ติดตั้งบนพื้นผิวประเภทใหม่ๆ หลายประเภท และลบสภาวะเป้าหมายออกไป ผู้เข้าร่วมจาก 29 ประเทศได้ให้ข้อมูลและความเชี่ยวชาญเพื่อนำเอกสารนี้ไปสู่อุตสาหกรรมอิเล็กทรอนิกส์ นี่เป็นสิ่งที่ต้องมีสำหรับผู้ตรวจสอบ ผู้ปฏิบัติงาน...
This amendment cannot be used without a copy of IPC-A-610F. See Related items. This is an amendment to IPC-A-610F, a recognized industry-consensus standard covering acceptability requirements for electronic assemblies. Changes include, but are not limited to, a revision to plated-through hole, PTH, minimum fill requirements, BGA voiding criteria for noncollapsing balls, and staking criteria.
El IPC/WHMA-A-620E es el único estándar consensuado por el sector sobre Requisitos y aceptabilidad de ensambles de cables y mazos de cables. El estándar IPC/WHMA-A-620E describe los materiales, métodos, pruebas y criterios de aceptabilidad para la producción de interconexiones crimpadas, mecánicamente aseguradas o soldadas y las actividades de ensamble relacionadas que estén asociadas con...
IPC/WHMA-A-620E ist die einzige, im Branchenkonsens entwickelte Richtlinie für Anforderungen und Abnahmekriterien für Kabel- und Kabelbaum-Baugruppen. IPC/WHMA-A-620E beschreibt Materialien, Methoden, Tests und Abnahmekriterien für die Herstellung gecrimpter, mechanisch gesicherter oder gelöteter Verbindungen und die zu den Kabel- und Kabelbaum-Baugruppen zugehörigen Montageaktivitäten. IPC/WHMA-A...
Le guide IPC-7711/21 fournit des procédures de reprise, réparation et modification des assemblages de circuits imprimées, y compris des outils et des matériaux, des procédures courantes, le retrait du revêtement et des graphiques pour aider l'utilisateur.
La guía IPC-7711/21 proporciona procedimientos para reelaborar, reparar y modificar conjuntos de placas de circuitos impresos, incluidas herramientas y materiales, procedimientos comunes, eliminación de revestimiento y gráficos para ayudar al usuario.
IPC/WHMA-A-620E est la seule norme consensuelle de l’industrie pour les exigences et l’acceptation des assemblages de câbles et de faisceaux de fils. IPC/WHMA-A-620E décrit les matériaux, les méthodes, les tests et les critères d’acceptation pour la production d’ensembles interconnectés brasés, sertis et mécaniquement sécurisés, ainsi que les activités d’assemblage qui y sont associées pour...
IPC/WHMA-A-620E là tiêu chuẩn duy nhất trong ngành được đồng thuận về Yêu Cầu và Tiêu Chuẩn Chấp Nhận cho Các Bộ Dây Điện và Cáp Điện. IPC/WHMA-A-620E mô tả các nguyên vật liệu, phương pháp, cách kiểm tra và tiêu chuẩn chấp nhận để sản xuất các liên kết bấm, cố định cơ học, hoặc hàn, cũng như các hoạt động lắp ráp có liên quan liên quan đến các bộ dây điện và cáp điện. IPC/WHMA-A-620E được phát...
Описание на русском IPC-A-610 – наиболее широко используемый в мире стандарт по приемке электронных сборок. Этот документ, в усовершенствование которого внесли свой вклад участники из 17 стран, поделившись информацией и своими знаниями и опытом, предоставляет отрасли новейшие критерии наряду со множеством новых и обновленных иллюстраций. Этот документ – то, что обязательно нужно иметь контролерам...
IPC/WHMA-A-620D er den eneste industriudviklede standard for ” Godkendelseskrav for kabler og for produkter med wire harness”. IPC/WHMA-A-620D beskriver materialer, metoder, test og godkendelseskriterier for fremstilling af crimpede samlinger, mekanisk sikrede og loddede forbindelser samt de tilhørende monteringsprocesser som er forbundet med kabel og harness produkter. IPC/WHMA-A-620D blev...
Der Leitfaden IPC-7711/21 enthält Verfahren für die Nacharbeit, Reparatur und Änderung von Leiterplatten-Baugruppen, einschließlich Werkzeugen und Materialien, häufig angewendete Verfahren, Entfernung der Beschichtung und Grafiken zur Unterstützung des Benutzers.
This amendment provides resolution to some internal conflicts, aligns common criteria to other IPC standards, and corrects some editorial errors. This amendment is only to be used in conjunction with IPC/WHMA-A-620 Revision B, October 2012. Follow your company policy and procedures to make pen and ink changes or notations to the published IPC/WHMA-A-620 Revision B. When there are changes to a...
IPC-A-610 är den mest använda standarden i världen för elektroniktillverkning och är ett måste för alla kvalitetssäkrings- och produktionsavdelningar. IPC-A-610F illustrerar industrigodkända acceptanskriterier för kretskort genom detaljerad text som beskriver tillstånd för acceptabelt och defekt, med stöd av fyrfärgsbilder och illustrationer. Denna revision inkluderar två nya typer av...
IPC/WHMA-A-620Eは、ケーブルおよびワイヤーハーネス組立品の要求事項および許容基準に関する、唯一の業界合意文書(規格書)である。IPC/WHMA-A-620Eでは、ケーブルおよびハーネス組立品に関係する配線の圧着、機械的固定、またははんだ付を行うための材料、方法、試験、および許容基準、ならびに関連組立活動について説明している。 IPC/WHMA-A-620Eは、IPCおよびThe Wire Harness Manufacturers Association (WHMA) (IPCの関連団体)により作成されたものである。